Political
participation
Introduction
The process by which
people participate in the political process is referred to as political
participation. The need to study politics as an aspect of human behaviour has
made it essential for every student of politics to study political
participation.
Definition
According
to Heinz Eulau, " political participation is the
involvement of masses in the decision making process for policy formulation.
According
to Almond and Powell "political participation can be
defined as the involvement of the member of society in the decision making
process.
According
to Michael Rush and Philip Althoff" political
participation means the movement of the individual at various levels in the political system.
Types of political
participation
Mostly the following
types of political participants are identified by them
1.
Direct political participation; when
people play a direct role in the election of their ruler and in the
decision-making or policy formulation process. political participation is
identified as direct political participation. In political system with direct
legislation and direct election system there is direct political participation.
2.
Indirect political participation; in
representatives democracies, the people
elects their representatives directly and through them take part in the
decision making process.
3.
Active political participation: when
people actively participate in the political process, leadership- recruitment
elections, electoral politics, political communication, party politics etc. the
political participation is referred to as active political participation.
4.
Passive political participation; when
the people have little interest in the political process and they are not fully
oriented towards the political system and it is sub system which makes them
politically apathetic, the political participation is called low or passive
political participation.
5.
Instrumental political participation:
when people participate in politics with definite ends in view which they want
to achieve in politics. the political participation is identified as
instrumental political participation.
6.
Expressive political participation; when
people participate in politics without any commitment to a definite objective,
but for the satisfaction of their feeling or sentiment or emotion, the
political participation is referred to as accessory political participation.
Determinant of political
participation
Prove that the people
of a political system play the political process particularly in
decision-making or policy formulation is influenced by several psychological,
social, economic, political, environmental and situational factors.
There are 6 factors
that are classified:
1.
Psychological factors of political
participation: participation in politics is influenced by several psychological
factors several people participate in politics for satisfying their
psychological urges. Love for power and other values always impet people to get
involved in political process.
2.
Social factor of political
participation; political participation is always affected by social factor;
education, social stratification, sex,
age, caste religion, language, residence and ethnicity. Thus, social
factors always determine the nature and level of political participation.
3.
Political factors of political socialization;
political factors are always the major determinant of political participation.
Nature of the political system, the constitutions of the state, the
organization of government nature and Organisation of the political parties,
nature of present other means of mass media.
4.
Economic factor of political
participation; economic influence almost all the human relation. These are also
the determinant of political behavior and political participation. The urge to
get involved in the decision-making of policy formulation in the political
process. The role of money power in
politics is a major factor of political participation in developing countries
like India.
5.
Environmental factors of political
participation; political participation is also affected by environmental
factors, geography, industrialisation, levels of Technology advancement and
demographic features also determine the nature and level of the political
participation.
6.
Situational factors of political
participation; the situational factors also act as the determinant of the
people participation in politics. the existence of British rule over India and
the need to end its acted as strong motivating factors for the people of India
and the join the national Liberation Movement in a big way.
All
this factor influence in varying degrees popular participation in politics.
These have to be analyzed together for analysing people and their groups, their
role in the political process.
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