Part I: History
Chapter – 3
Colonial Rule and the Countryside
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Exercise
A A. Answer the following question in brief.
1.
Who gave the East India Company the Diwani
right formally? What did the Company aim at?
Ans:
The Diwani right was formally given by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
The
Company aimed for generating profit.
2.
What did the interdependence village lead to?
Ans:
The interdependence of villages on
one another made it easier for the British to rule them. It also helped the British
to impose similar rules and regulations on each village.
3.
How did the harsh policy of the British affect
the peasants?
Ans:
The British introduced drastic change
in the Indian economy. They give no support to the farmers. Due to their taxation
policies many peasants left their villages and many became landless.
4.
Write about three negative impacts of British
land revenue policies.
Ans: The three negative impact of British land
revenue policies are: -
i.
Land became
a commodity that could be sold and purchase.
ii.
Agriculture
became stagnant occupation for those who actually tilled and cultivated the
land.
iii. The productivity of the land decline, causing dearth of foodcrops and famines.
5. What was the Mahalwari System?
Ans: The Mahalwari system was introduced in the modern-day Uttar Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Punjab by Holt Mackenzie in 1822. According to this system, revenue settlement was made for the entire village or mahal.
B B. Answer the following questions in detail.
1.
Who initiated the Ijaradari system? Why did it
fail?
Ans:
The Governor -General of the East India Company, Warren Hastings.
It
failed because bidding had no link with the land’s actual productivity and no
interest was shown by the Ijaradari or revenue farmers in improving the
Productivity.
2.
What was the Ryoti system of indigo production?
Describe its importance features.
Ans:
The planters under this system forced
the villagers or ryot to sign a contract. Many times the village headman was
forced to sign a contract on behalf of the ryot.
The
importance features are:
i. Cash advances were given to the person who signed the
contract at low rates of interest.
ii. The peasant would received a loan from the planters to
cultivate the land.
3.
When, where and by who was the Permanent
Settlement introduced? Write the terms of the settlement and any two of its
effects.
Ans:
The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.
In
this Settlement the Zamindars were the owners of land in their estates as long
as they paid the percentage of the revenue they collected.
The
two effects are:
i. It created for the British a new class of loyalist in
the form of zamindars.
ii. Area of cultivation increased as many wastelands and
forest were brought under cultivation.
4.
Explain the Nij System of indigo production.
Mention the difficulties faced by the cultivators in this system of
cultivation.
Ans:
In this Nij System the planters
produce indigo in lands that he directly controls. Either the planters bought
the land or leased it from others.
The
difficulties faced by the cultivators in this system of cultivation.
i. The fertile land were densely populated.
ii. One would find it difficult to expand the area under cultivation.
5.
Describe the Ryotwari Settlement. What were its
major impacts?
Ans:
The term ‘ryot’ means a peasant. This
settlement was between the peasant or the ryot and the East India Company. Ryotwari
settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro in the Madras Presidency during 1820
-27.
The
importance features are:
i. The method of collection was very rigid.
ii. The peasant became landless if they failed to pay the
taxes.
iii. There was no improvement in land.
6.
What was Blue Rebellion? How was it suppressed?
What was its effect on indigo production?
Ans:
When thousand of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo in 1859. Gradually,
they refused to pay the rents to the planters and attacked indigo factories was
known as Blue Rebellion.
It
was suppressed when a commission was set up to inquire into the system of
indigo production.
Its effects
was that Indigo production did not bring profit to the ryots so they could
refuse the contract in future.
C C. Tick the correct answer.
1. (ii)
2. (i)
3. (i)
4. (i)
5. (iv)
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