Political development
The
concept of political development has been formulated and operationalised by a
large number of political scientist the name are Lucian W. Pye, G.A Almond,
James C Coleman and others are worth mentioning because they have done
pioneering work in the conceptualizations and operationalisation of the concept
of political development in politics and political sociology.
Definition:
According to Almond and Powell
defined that "the increased depression and specialisations of political
structures in the increase securitisation of political culture."
According to P. Huntington
"the process by which organisations and procedures acquires values and
stability."
Different
conceptualization
Lucian
Pye, in his work- "Aspect of political development has very systematically
explains the different ways in which political development has been clearly
defined."
1.
Political development as the
political prerequisite of economic development;
This view of political development seeks to
conceptualised in term of economic growth political development is
regarded as that state of the polity which might facilitate economic growth.
2.
Political development as the
politics typical of industrial societies;This view,
as such hold that political development
involves; certain patterns of presumably,
rational and responsible government behaviour; avoidance of reckless action; some sense of
limitations on politics and finally an acceptance of some form of mass
participation.
3.
Political development as political
modernization; Social scientist like James Coleman,
Karl Deutsch, SM Lipset and some other regard political development as the
typical or idealise politics of
industrial societies and that political development is synonymous with
political modernization. political development takes the form of westernization
of in politics.
4.
Political development as the
operation of the nation state; This view holds that
political development consists of the organisations of political life and the
performance of political function in according with the standard expected of a
modern Nation state.
5.
Political development as
administrative and legal development; The fifth view of
political development as discussed by Lucian Pye is the view which interprets
political development as a process of Institution building and citizenship
development.
6.
Political development as mass
mobilization and participation; This view link political
development with political awakening of the people. The bigger the masses
mobilisation and participation in politics, the greater is the degree of
political development of the political system.
7.
Political development as the
building of democracy; This view faces political
development as synonymous with the establishment of Democratic Institutions and
practices. Building of democracy is the process of political development.
According to this view development has meaning only in terms of the strengthening
of some set of values.
8.
Political development is stability
and orderly change: This view seeks to define political
development in terms of the ability of the political system to remain stable
and processes the capacity for purposeful and orderly change.
9.
Political development as
mobilizations and power; This view links political
development with the capabilities of a political system that is the ability of
the political system to mobilize the resources exercise power and to use the
resources to the fullest advantage.
10.
Political development as one aspect
of a multidimensional process of social change;
This view of political development holds that all forms of development are
related. Development is much the same is modernization and it take place within
a historical context in which influence from outside the society.
Besides these ten
different approaches to the conceptualizations of political development there
are others possible interpretations.
After analysing all the
above use Lucian Pye isolated the following characteristic a political
development these are as follows;
1.
Equality:
Various approaches accept that spirit or attitude of equality is an aspect of
political development. Equal and popular participation in politics, active
citizenship and popular rule constituted the variable of political development.
2.
Capacity;
Capacity of a political system is again a theme held by most of the above
approaches and it refers to the capacity of a political system to affect the
social and economic life of the society through its output.
3.
Differentiations and
specialisation; This aspect of development and involves
first of all the differentiation in specialisations of structural, offices and
Agencies tends to have their distinct and Limited function.
Types
of crisis in political development
Political development
faces certain types of crisis which affect the whole process in one way or the
other. These are as follows:
1.
Crisis of identity;
In a sound political the masses are most
willing to be identified with the system they are identify themselves with
National culture and their loyalty to the Nations are very clear.
2.
Legitimacy crisis:
In a sound political system authority must be a legitimate and the masses
should not question or challenge the use of powerful in the use of his
authority.
3.
Penetration crisis:
In a good political system the government should penetrate the masses and have
a clear excessment of their need and requirement.
4.
Participation crisis:
Another aspect of participation is that crisis developed when the authorities
do not allow the people to participate in the running of their own affairs.
5.
Integration crisis:
As long as there is integration the system does not come under strain stop but
crisis in the system come when there is no integrations between the official
and an ordinary citizen.
Political development
is faced with crisis and each one should be immediately tackle. In this
connection it may be pointed out that these are more in developing rather than
developed societies, which have capacity, competence and resources to come to
grip over every situation.
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